Funded by NSF BCS-1917619
3Sg-die Conj 3Sg-come again Asp.Distal
Hover over Guaraní morphemes written in purple to see their syntactic function.
Audio for Story #15:
Pe | ovráhe | Fassardi, | San | Agustín-pe | ndaje,Reportative Evidential 'ndaje' |
Dem | lumberyard | Fassardi | San | Agustín-Loc | Report.Evid |
At that lumberyard Fassardi, in San Agustín,
En ese obraje Fassardi, en San Agustín,
oi-ko | petei | karai | i-ka’ú | -vaRelativizer 'va' | voi.Focalizer Particle 'voi' |
3Sg-exist | one | man | 3Sg-drunk | -Rel | Emph |
it is said there is a man who drank.
se dice que había un hombre que tomaba.
(2) | |||||||||
Ha | o-sé | vaerã | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | o-aperita | petei | kantína-pe | la | vía | kósta-re. |
Conj | 3Sg-go.out | Mod | Report.Evid | 3Sg-drink | one | bar-Loc | Def.Det | track | side-Obl |
And, it is said, he had to go out to drink at a bar on the side of the train tracks.
Y, se dice que, tenía que salir a tomar a un bar al costado de la vía del tren.
Ha | peteĩ | diá-pe | o-sé | jeý | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | upé-pe | la | karai | o-aperita | hína.Emphasis on the verb. Not continuative. |
Conj | one | day-Loc | 3Sg-go.out | again | -Asp | Dem-Loc | Def.Det | man | 3Sg-drink | Emph |
And one day the man already went out again to drink there.
Y un día ya salió a tomar otra vez ahí el hombre.
Ha | upéi | pyharé | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | o-u | la | tren-’i, |
Conj | then | night | -Asp | 3Sg-come | Det.Det | train-Dim |
And then one night the train came,
Y después ya una noche vino el tren,
Fassardi | pueblo-pe | o-hó | -vaRelativizer 'va' | hína.Past Continuative |
Fassardi | town-Loc | 3Sg-go | -Rel | Cont |
it was going to the Fassardi town.
que se estaba yendo al pueblo Fassardi.
Ha | o-sẽ | la | karai | la | vía-pe, | o-jupi-se | la | tren-’í-pe. |
Conj | 3Sg-go.out | Def.Det | man | Def.Det | road-Loc | 3Sg-get.on-Des | Def.Det | train-Dim-Loc |
And the man went to the train tracks, he wanted to get on the train.
Y salió el hombre a la vía, quería subirse al tren.
Ha | la | tren | nd-o-pytá-i | chupe, | o-hasa | hatá | upé-rupi. |
Conj | Def.Det | train | 3Sg-go.out | 3.Pron.IO | 3Sg-pass | strong | Dem-by |
And the train did not stay for him, it passed by fast.
Y el tren no le esperó, pasó rápidamente por ahí.
Ha | upémarõ | la | karaí | o-muña | la | tren. |
Conj | then | Def.Det | man | 3Sg-follow | Def.Det | train |
And then the man followed the train.
Y después el hombre siguió al tren.
O-ho | i-j-yké-re, | ha | upéi | i-pojái | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | peteĩ | fiérro-re | ha, |
3Sg-go | 3Sg-Link-side-Obl | Conj | then | 3Sg-held.on | -Asp | one | iron-Obl | Conj |
He went sideways, and then he held onto a piece of iron rail and,
Se fue de costado, y luego ya se apoyó por un hierro y,
o-jupí-vo | la | vagon | rehe | ndaje,Reportative Evidential 'ndaje' |
3Sg-get.on-Conj.Simult | Def.Det | wagon | Prep.Obl | Report.Evid |
As he got on the wagon, it is said,
al subirse al vagón, se dice que,
i-pysyrỹi | la | tópe-re | ha | ho’a | la | tren-guý-pe, | ha | o-hasa | hi'ári-pi [rupi] |
3Sg-slip | Def.Det | sideboard-Obl | Conj | 3Sg.fell | Det.Det | train-under-Loc | Conj | 3Pl-pass | on.top-over |
He slipped on the sideboard and he fell under the train, and they passed over him,
se resbaló por el borde y se cayó debajo del tren, y le pasaron encima,
oĩ | haguãichaIrrealis Subordinator 'ha' | la | vagon | kuéra: | o-hyekue’o-pa-ite | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | chupe. Overt Direct Object (DO) Pronoun |
exist | Sub.Irr | Def.Det | wagon | Pl | 3Pl-rip-Compl-Superl | Emph | 3.Pron.DO |
the wagons [that were there]: they ripped him apart.
los vagones que habían: le destriparon luego.
Ha | upe | jeré-pe | o-ñerrancheá | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | ra’eMatrix narrator/speaker oriented | che | kyvy | Alfonso | umía. |
Conj | Dem | around-Loc | 3Sg-ranching | -Asp | Evid | 1Sg.Poss | younger.son | Alfonso | there |
And around there, it appears that my younger son was ranching there, it turns out.
Y por ahí, parece que anda rancheando mi hijo menor, había sido que.
Heta | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | o-ho | hikuái | o-mba’apó-vo | la | ovráhe-pe. |
lots | FOC | 3Pl-go | 3Pl.Pron.Subj | 3Pl-work-Conj.Simult | Def.Det | lumber.yard-Loc |
Lots of them went to work at the lumberyard.
Muchos fueron a trabajar al obraje.
Ha | la | i-ñ-irũ | nguéra | ndaje,Reportative Evidential 'ndaje' | mitarusũ | akã | hatã, |
Conj | Def.Det | 3.Poss-Link-friend | Pl | Report.Evid | youngsters | head | strong |
And, it is said, his friends, hard-headed youngsters,
Y sus amigos, se dice, jóvenes cabezudos,
he’i | jepi | ojupe, | péicha | karu | óra-pe: |
3Pl.say | frequently | among.them | that.way | lunch | time-Loc |
said among them frequently, during lunch time, things like:
decían entre ellos frecuentemente, during el almuerzo, cosas como:
——Re’u | pe | húlano | rye-kue, | ——he’i | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | la | finado | rehe. |
——2Sg.eat | Dem | guy | innards-former | ——3Pl.say | Report.Evid | Def.Det | dead.one | Prep.Obl |
"Eat that guy’s innards," it is said that they said about the dead guy.
"Cómele al fulano sus entrañas," dice que dijeron del finado.
——Kóva | i-pysãngue | ——he’i | otro. |
——Those | 3.Poss-toes | ——3Sg.say | another.one |
"His toes," said another one.
"Sus dedos del pie," dijo otro.
——Ro-konvidá | -taProspective Aspect | i-kostílla-kué-pe | ——o-ñe-mõ-kachiãi | hikuái | upéicha. |
——2Sg.Obj-offer | -Prosp | 3.Poss-ribs-former-DOM | ——3Pl-Refl-Caus-joke | 3Pl.Pron.Subj | that.way |
"We will offer you his ribs," they joked.
"Vamos a convidarte sus costillas," dijeron bromeando.
Ha | tio | Anastacio | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | (upéva-ngo | ore | machúta | memby, |
Conj | uncle | Anastacio | Report.Evid | that.one-FOC | 2Pl.Poss | housekeeper | son |
And it is said that uncle Anastacio (that one who is the housekeeper’s son,
Y se dice que el tío Anastacio (ese que es hijo de la machú,
la | mama | aguéla | memby, |
Def.Det | mother | grandmother | son |
the son of the grandmother,
el hijo de la abuela,
ha | upéa | la | ikasíke | kuéra) | he’i | vaerã | chupé | kuéra: |
Conj | Dem | Def.Det | chief | Pl | 3Sg.say | Mod | 3.Pron.IO | Pl |
and the chief) had to say to them:
y del jefe) tuvo que decirles:
——Umí-cha | nda-ja’e-vai | [-ri] | la | o-mano | va'ekué-re, |
——Dem-way | Neg-1Pl-speak-badly | [Neg] | Def.Det | 3Sg-die | Rel.Distal-Obl |
"We don’t speak that way about someone who has died,
"No hablemos así de alguién que ha muerto,
nda-ja’é-vaerã-i | mbaa’eve. |
Neg-1Pl-speak-Mod-Neg | nothing |
we must not say anything [about him]."
no debemos decir nada [sobre él]."
Ha | la | mitãrusu | kuéra | n-o-pená-i | hese, | lomímo-nte | he’i. |
Conj | Def.Det | youngster | Pl | Neg-3Pl-worry-Neg | 3.Pron.Obl | same.way-FOC | 3Pl.say |
And the youngsters did not worry/heed him, they carried on in the same way.
Y los jóvenes no le hicieron caso, continuaron hablando de la misma manera.
Ha | upéi | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | peteĩ | asaje-rei, | o-karu | rire, |
Conj | then | Report.Evid | one | noon-random | 3Pl-lunch | after |
And then, it is said, one random early afternoon after lunch,
Y después, se dice, una siesta cualquiera, después de almorzar,
o-ké-pa | hínaPast Continuative | hikuái | tarímba-pe | okápe, |
3Pl-sleep-Compl | Cont | 3Pl.Pron.Subj | pallet-Loc | outside |
they were all sleeping on a pallet outside,
estaban durmiendo sobre una tarima afuera,
ha | che | kyvy | Alfonso | katu | o-ñeno | hínaContinuative | ra’eMatrix, speaker oriented | la | i-kotý-pe | kuéra, |
Conj | 1Sg.Poss | younger.son | Alfonso | Emph | 3Sg-sleep | Cont | Evid | Def.Det | 3.Poss-room-Loc | Pl |
and my younger son Alfonso was sleeping, it appears in their room,
y mi hijo menor Alfonso estaba durmiendo, al parecer, en su pieza,
peteĩ | rancho’i | o-jetakea-reí | -vaRelativizer 'va' | -nte | ha | i-techo-mi |
one | hut | 3Pl-pole-randon | -Rel | -FOC | Conj | 3.Poss-roof-Dim |
in a random hut that they put up with poles and a light roof
un rancho cualquiera que habían puesto con estaca y un techo ligero
(upé-pe | o-ke | pyhare-kue | hikuái | ra’e).Matrix, speaker oriented |
Dem-Loc | 3Pl-sleep | night-former | 3Pl.Pron.Subj | Evid |
(there they had slept the night before, it appears).
(ahí habían dormido toda la noche antes, había sido).
O-hecha | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | la | finádo-pe | o-guahẽ | o-hó-vo, | henda | moroti | ári |
3Sg-see | Report.Evid | Def.Det | dead.one-DOM | 3Sg-arrive | 3Sg-go-Conj.Simult | mount | white | on |
He saw, it is said, the dead guy arriving mounted on a white [horse]
Se dice que vio al finado llegar en un montado blanco
(upéva | o-guerekó | -vaRelativizer 'va' | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | hekové-pe | ra’e).Matrix, speaker oriented |
That.one | 3Sg-have | -Rel | FOC | life-Loc | Evid |
(that one that he had when he was alive).
(Ese que tenía en vida).
O-mombyta | la | henda, | o-guejy | chu-gui, | ha | o-ho | o-guahé | la | óga-pe: |
3Sg-get.off | Def.Det | mount | 3Sg-bring | 3Sg-Prep | Conj | 3Sg-go | 3Sg-arrive | Def.Det | house-Loc |
He tied up his horse, got off of him, and arrived at the house:
Sujetó su caballo, se bajó, y fue llegando a la casa:
——¡Guéna | tárde, | Gucna | tárde! | ——he’i | hína.Continuative |
——Good | afternoon | good | afternoon | ——3Sg.say | Cont |
"Good afternoon, good afternoon!" he was saying.
"¡Buenas tardes, buenas tardes!" estaba diciendo.
Ha | upéi | o-ho | o-maña | porã | péicha |
Conj | then | 3Sg-go | 3Sg-watch | well | that.way |
And then he went to take a good look
Y después fué a mirar bien así
la | o-ké | -vaRelativizer 'va' | hínaContinuative | rehe, | o-mañá-nte | hese | kuéra. |
Def.Det | 3Pl-sleep | -Rel | Cont | Prep.Obl | 3Sg-watch-only | 3.Pron.Obl | Pl |
at those who were sleeping, he only watched them.
a aquellos que estaban durmiendo, y solamente los miró.
Ha | che | kyvy | Alfonso | o-nakea | hínaContinuative | ra’e,Matrix, speaker oriented |
Conj | 1.Poss | younger.son | Alfonso | 3Sg-chew.tobacco | Cont | Evid |
And my younger son Alfonso was chewing tobacco, it appears.
Y mi hijo menor Alfonso estaba mascando tabaco, al parecer.
ha | upéi | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | la | o-ndyvú-vo | péicha | ha | o-maña | jey |
Conj | then | Report.Evid | Def.Det | 3Sg-spit-Conj.Simult | that.way | Conj | 3Sg-look | again |
And then, it is said, as he spit, he looked again.
Y luego, se dice, al escupir, miró otra vez.
nd-o-hécha-vé-i | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | la | karai | o-mano | va'ekué-pe. |
Neg-3Sg-see-more-Neg | -Asp | Def.Det | man | 3Sg-die | Rel.Distal-Loc |
He no longer saw the man who had died.
Ya no vió más al hombre que había muerto.
O-kañy | hese | renondé-gui. |
3Sg-disappear | 3.Pron.Obl | in.front-Prep |
He disappeared from in front of him.
Desapareció delante suyo.
Ha | pyhare | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | o-u | jey. |
Conj | evening | Report.Evid | 3Sg-come | again |
And that night, it is said, he came again.
Y esa noche, se dice, vino otra vez.
——¡Guena | noche, | guena | noche! | ——he’i | jey | hína.Continuative |
——Good | night | good | night | ——3Sg.say | again | Cont |
"Good night, good night!" he was saying again.
"¡Buenas noches, buenas noches!" estaba diciendo otra vez.
O-jere | la | hóga-re, | o-jere | la | hóga- | (la | i-koty | kuéra | rehe). |
3Sg-around | Def.Det | house-Obl | 3Sg-around | Def.Det | house | Def.Det | 3.Poss-house | Pl | Prep.Obl |
He went around the house, he went around the house (around their room).
Dió vuelta la la casa, dio vuelta a la casa (a la pieza de ellos).
Heta | vése | he’i | upéicha. |
Many | times | 3Sg.say | that.way |
He said that many times.
Dijo así muchas veces.
Ha | upéi | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | pyhareve, | ko’ẽ-ỹ-re, |
Conj | that | Report.Evid | morning | morning-Priv-Obl |
And then in the morning, at dawn,
Y después en la mañana, a la madrugada,
tio | Anastacio | o-mo-pu’ã | che | kyvy | Alfónso-pe |
uncle | Anastacio | 3Sg-Caus-get.up | 1Sg.Poss | younger.son | Alfonso-DOM |
Tio Anastacio got my younger son Alfonso
el tío Anastacio hizo que mi hijo menor Alfonso
o-jatapy-vo, | la | i-kosiná-me | kuéra. |
3Sg-light.fire-Asp.Goal | Def.Det | 3.Poss-kitchen-Loc | Pl |
up to light the fire in their kitchen.
se levantara para encender el fuego en su cocina.
Ha | o-pu’ã | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | ha’e, | ha | o-hó | -taProspective Aspect | -vo | la | i-kosina-í-me, |
Conj | 3Sg-got.up | Report.Evid | 3.Pron | Conj | 3Pl-go | -Prosp | -Conj.Simult | Def.Det | 3.Poss-kitchen-Dim-Loc |
And it is said that he got up, and as he was going to go to the kitchen,
Y se dice que se levantó, y cuando iba a irse a la cocina,
o-juhu | la | finádo-pe | o-jeko |
3Sg-find | Def.Det | dead.one-DOM | 3Sg-lean |
he found the dead guy leaning
encontró al finado recostado
la | henda | morotí-re | hínaEmphasis on 'henda morotí' | peteĩ | yvyra | máta | guý-pe. |
Def.Det | mount | white-Obl | Emph | one | tree | bush | under-Loc |
against his white horse under a tree.
por su caballo blanco debajo de un árbol.
O-jaivy | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | upé-pe, | o-moĩ | la | hova |
3Sg-lean | Report.Evid | Dem-Loc | 3Sg-put | Def.Det | face |
He was bent down there, it is said; he put his face
Estaba apoyado ahí, se dice; puso la cara
la | kavaju | ku’á-re | ha | o-ĩ | hínaContinuative | upé-pe. |
Def.Det | horse | waist | Conj | 3Sg-exist | Cont | Dem-Loc |
on his horse's waist and he stayed there (that way).
en la cintura de su caballo y estuvo así ahí.
O-topa | gueteri | upé-pe | chupe Overt Direct Object (DO) Pronoun | che | kyvy | Alfonso. |
3Sg-find | still | Dem-Loc | 3.Pron.DO | 1Sg.Poss | younger.son | Alfonso |
He found him there still, my younger son Alfonso.
Lo encontró ahí todavía, mi hijo menor Alfonso.
Ha | ——a-hasá-nte | che, | ——he’i | Alfonso, | ha | ——a-ha | jatapy. |
Conj | ——1Sg-pass-FOC | 1Sg.Pron | ——3Sg.say | Alfonso | Conj | ——1Sg-go | light.fire |
And "I am just passing," said Alfonso, "I am going to light the fire."
Y "estoy pasando nomás," dijo Alfonso, "estoy yendo a prender el fuego."
Ha | ko’ẽ | mbota-ite | peve | o-ĩ | upé-pe. | Ha | Alfonso | o-guerokirirĩ-nte | avei. |
Conj | morning | Incip-Superl | after | 3Sg-exist | Dem-Loc | Conj | Alfonso | 3Sg-silence-FOC | also |
And after, in the early morning, he was (still) there. And Alfonso remained silent.
Y después en la madrugada él estaba ahí (aún). Y Alfonso se quedó callado.
——O-mano | va'ekueDistal Perfect Aspect | ja-hejá | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | va’erã | ∅Covert Direct Object Pronoun | topytu’u. |
——3Sg-die | Asp.Distal | 1Pl-leave | -Asp | Mod | 3.Pron.DO | rest |
"He died and we must let (him) rest.
"Murió y debemos dejar(lo) ya descansar.
Ãga | nda-pe-je-vé-i | vove | mba’eve | hese, | nd-o-u-vé-i | chéne, |
Now | Neg-2Pl-say-more-Neg | when | nothing | 3.Pron.Obl | Neg-3Sg-come-more-Neg | Fut.Neg |
Now when you all don’t say anything more about him, he will not come anymore,"
Ahora cuando no hablen más de él, él ya no volverá,"
——he’i | chupe | kuéra | tío | Anastacio. |
——3Sg.say | 3.Pron.IO | Pl | uncle | Anastacio |
Tio Anastacio said to them.
Les dijo a ellos tío Anastasio.