Funded by NSF BCS-1917619
Money earth-under owner 3Sg-Refl-feel-Caus
Hover over Guaraní morphemes written in purple to see their syntactic function.
Audio for Story #13:
O-ñe-mbyatý-mi | vaerã | ningo | yma | heta | arriéro | la | ore | róga-pe. |
3Pl-Refl-get.togeter-Dim | Mod | FOC | time.ago | many | men | Def.Det | 1Pl.Excl.Poss | house-Loc |
Many men used to get together in our house a long time ago.
Se solían juntar hace tiempo muchos hombres en nuestra casa.
Heta | voíngoFocalizer Particle 'voi' | che | chekyvy | va'ekue.Distal Perfect Aspect |
Many | FOC | 1Sg.Pron | brothers | Asp.Distal |
I had many brothers.
Yo tenía luego muchos hermanos.
Umía | la | heta | i-júnta | -va.Relativizer 'va' |
Those | Def.Det | many | 3.Poss-friend | -Rel |
Those did have many friends.
Esos sí que tenían muchos amigos (yunta).
Ha | óga-gui | o-ho | jepi | hikuái | o-jo’ó-vo | pláta-yvy-guy |
Conj | house-Prep | 3Pl-go | frequently | 3Pl.Pron.Subj | 3Pl-dig-Asp.Goal | treasure |
And they used to leave the house to go dig for treasure...
Y de casa solían salir ellos para ir a cavar tesoro...
la | vía | kósta-re, | márte | kue | ha | viérne | kue. |
Def.Det | road | side-Obl | Tuesday | former | Conj | Friday | former |
at the side of the road last Tuesday and Friday.
al costado de la vía, martes pasado y viernes pasado.
Ha | Agui | la | o-ñembo’árte | -va.Relativizer 'va' |
Conj | Agustin | Def.Det | 3Sg-make.art | -Rel |
And Agustin was the one who made art out of it.
Y Agustín fue el que hizo de esto un arte.
Ha’e | oi-kuaa | aipo | tataindy | karai | re-myendy | vaerã | -haSubordinate 'ha' | pono |
3.Pron | 3Sg-know | Dem | fire | blessed | 2Sg-light | Mod | -Sub | so.that |
He knew that you must light a blessed candle so that neither the owner
Él sabía que debe encenderse una vela bendita para que el dueño
la | pláta | jára | ni | demonio | o-guahẽ | o-ñe-mo-tie’ỹ. |
Def.Det | money | owner | nor | devil | 3Sg-arrive | 3Sg-Refl-Caus-fright |
of the treasure nor the devil appears to frighten.
del tesoro ni el demonio aparezcan a asustar.
O-ñe-mo-arandu | la | otro | kuéra-pe | Agui, |
3Sg-Refl-Caus-knowledge | Def.Det | other | Pl-Loc | Agustin |
Agustin was the know-all for the others,
Era Agustín el sabelotodo para los otros,
ha | o-ho | jepi | o-myendy | ha’e | la | tataindy | la | yvy.kua | kósta-re. |
Conj | 3Sg-go | frequently | 3Sg-light | 3.Pron | Def.Det | candle | Def.Det | hole | side-Obl |
and frequently he went to light the candle near the hole.
y solía ir él a encender las velas cerca del hoyo.
Siéte | tataindy | o-myendy | la | umi | otro | o-sonda | ha | o-jo’o | aja. |
Seven | candles | 3Sg-light | Def.Det | Dem | others | 3Pl-search | Conj | 3Pl-dig | while |
He lit seven candles while the others searched and dug.
Siete velas encendía mientras los demás buscaban y cavaban.
Ha | Agui | o-ñembo’e | la | tataindy | rendý-pe | hína,Continuative, independently of 'hína', puts emphasis on 'tataindy rendý-pe' | mombyry-mi | la | viá-gui. |
Conj | Agustin | 3Sg-pray | Def.Det | candle | lit-Loc | Emph | far-Dim | Def.Det | road-Prep |
And Agustin was praying with the lit candles, a little away from the road.
Y Agustín estaba rezando con las velas encendidas, un poco lejos de la vía.
Upéi | nimbo | o-u | hínaContinuative | ra'eMatrix, narrator (speaker) oriented | heta |
After | Part | 3Pl-come | Cont | Evid | many |
Then it turns out many were coming
Después había sido que estaban viniendo muchos
kavaju | ari-gua | la | pueblo-gui, | la | vía | yké-pe. |
horses | on-Source | Def.Det | town-Prep | Def.Det | train.rail | side-Loc |
on horse-back from the town, at the side of the road.
montando a caballo del pueblo, al costado de la vía.
Ha | Agui | o-hendu | la | kavaju | py-ambu | ha | la | o-ñe’ẽ | -vaRelativizer 'va' | o-ú-vo. |
Conj | Agustin | 3Sg-hear | Def.Det | horse | foot-noise | Conj | Def.Det | 3Pl-say | -Rel | 3Pl-come-Conj.Simult |
And Agustin heard the horse’s hoof and some that were talking as they came.
Y Agustín escuchó el ruido de los pasos de los caballos y de algunos que venían hablando.
Ha’e | o-kyhyje-terei-ve | umi | otro-gui. |
3.Pron | 3Sg-fear-Superl-more | Dem | other-Prep |
He was much more afraid than the others.
Él tenía mucho más miedo que los demás [que esos otros].
Upé-pe | ha’e | hatã-ve | o-ñembo’e | pórke | oi-mo’ã |
There-Loc | 3.Pron | strong-more | 3Sg-pray | because | 3Sg-believe |
There he prayed more strongly because he thought that
Allí él rezó más fuerte porque creyó que
la | Mariskal | Lópe | ehérsito | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | la | o-ñe-mbojá | -vaRelativizer 'va' | hese | o-hó-vo. |
Def.Det | Mariscal | Lopez | troop | -Asp | Def.Det | 3Pl-Refl-get.close | -Rel | 3.Pron.Obl | 3Pl-go-Conj.Simult |
the troops of Mariscal Lopez were getting close to them.
era el ejército del Mariscal López era lo que ya se le acercaba.
Heta | la | kavaju | ari-gua | o-u | o-pyta | peteĩ | ráha | atýra | rovái, |
Many | Def.Det | horse | on-Source | 3Pl-come | 3Pl-stay | one | slits | pile | front |
Many riders came to stop in front of the firewood pile.
Muchos jinetes venían a quedarse frente de un montículo de rajas.
o-kirirĩ-mba | ha | o-maña | hikuái | la | tataindy | hendy | joá | -vaRelativizer 'va' | hínaContinuative | rehe. |
3Pl-silent-all | Conj | 3Pl-look | 3Pl.Pron.Subj | Def.Det | fire | light | together | -Rel | Cont | Prep.Obl |
Everyone kept silent and looked at the bunch of lit candles.
Todos guardaron silencio y miraron por el montón de velas que estaban encendidas.
Nd-oi-kuaá-i | mba’é-pa | la | oi-kó | -vaRelativizer 'va' | upé-pe. |
Neg-3Pl-know-Neg | what-Q | Def.Det | 3Sg-exist | -Rel | Dem-Loc |
They did not know what was happening there.
No sabían lo que estaba pasando allí.
O-hecha | la | karai’i-mi | o-ñesũ | -vaRelativizer 'va' | hínaContinuative | la | tataindy | kuéra | renondé-pe. |
3Pl-saw | Def.Det | men-Dim | 3Sg-kneel | -Rel | Cont | Def.Det | candle | Pl | in.front.of-Loc |
They saw a guy that was kneeling in front of the candles.
Vieron a un señorcito que estaba arrodillado frente a las velas.
O-kyhyje | avei | hikuái | la | o-hechá | -vaRelativizer 'va' | -gui; |
3Pl-fear | also | 3Pl.Pron.Subj | Def.Det | 3Pl-see | -Rel | -Prep |
They were also very afraid of what they saw;
Tenían miedo también ellos de lo que vieron;
oi-mo’ã | hikuái | pláta-yvy-guy | ra'e.Embedded, matrix subject oriented (hikuái 'they') - implicit copular structure (with no overt copula) |
3Pl-believe | 3Pl.Pron.Subj | money-earth-under | Evid |
they believed that it was the hidden treasure (they realized).
creyeron ellos que era tesoro escondido.
Ha | upéi | pe | ijapyté-gui-kuéra | o-sẽ | peteĩ |
Conj | then | Dem | middle-Prep-Pl | 3Sg-come.out | one |
And from among them one came out
Y luego de entre ellos salió uno
o-jagarra | la | ráha | pehẽ-ngue | guasu, |
3Sg-grab | Def.Det | log | piece-former | big |
and grabbed a big piece of log,
a agarrar un pedazo grande de raja,
ha | o-poi | la | tataindy | hendy | -ha gotyoLocational Relative Pronoun 'ha' | Ple! [sound] |
Conj | 3Sg-threw | Def.Det | candle | lit | -Loc.Rel towards | Ple! [sound] |
and he threw it towards where the lit candles were: ple!
y tiró hacia donde estaban las velas encendidas: ple!
NdajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | peteĩ | garróte | o-poi | José | Domingo |
Report.Evid | one | big.stick | 3Sg-throw | José | Domingo |
It is said that José Domingo threw a big stick
Se dice que tiro un garrote José Domingo
-upéicha | héra | peteĩ | -vaRelativizer 'va' | la | kavaju | ari-gua | ra'e-Matrix, narrator oriented |
that.way | name | one | -Rel | Def.Det | horse | on-Loc | Evid |
-that was the name of one of those coming on horseback, it turns out-
-así se llamaba uno de los que venían a caballo, había sido que-
la | Agui | oĩ | -haLocational Relative Pronoun 'ha' | ypy-eté | -pe.Locational Relative Pronoun 'ha' |
Def.Det | Agustin | 3Sg.exist | -Rel | close-Superl | -Loc |
right next to where Agui was.
cerquita de donde estaba Agustín.
Ha | upé-pe | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | Agui | ho’a-ite | vera | voi,Focalizer Particle 'voi' | i-j-atáke. |
Conj | Dem-Loc | Report.Evid | Agustin | 3Sg.fall-Superl | suddenly | FOC | 3Sg-Pass-attack |
And there it is said that Augustin suddenly fell; he had an attack.
Y allí se dice que Agustín se cayó súbitamente; le dio su ataque.
Ha | la | kavaju | ari-gua-kuéra | o-hasa-pa. |
Conj | Def.Det | horse | on-Source-Pl | 3Pl-pass-Compl |
And those on horseback all passed on.
Y los de a caballo pasaron todos.
Upéi | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | la | Agui | irũ-nguéra | o-u |
Then | Report.Evid | Def.Det | Agustin | friend-Pl | 3Pl-come |
And then it is said that Augustin’s friends came
Después se dice que los amigos de Augustin llegaron
o-juhu | chupe Overt Direct Object (DO) Pronoun | o-jepyso | hínaContinuative | la | tataindy | kuéra | renondé-pe. |
3Pl-find | 3.Pron.DO | 3Sg-extended | Cont | Def.Det | candle | Pl | front.of-Loc |
and found him lying down in front of the candles.
y lo encontraron que estaba tendido frente a todas las velas.
I-j-atake | ndaje,Reportative Evidential 'ndaje' | sin | poder | o-gueru-ve | la | i-pytu | ni | mba’eve. |
3.Poss-Refl-attack | Report.Evid | without | Mod | 3Sg-bring-more | Def.Det | breath | nor | nothing |
With his attack, they say, without being able to recover his breath or anything.
Con su ataque, dicen que, sin poder recuperar el aliento, ni nada.
Ha | upé-pe | o-poi-pa | mante | i-ñirũ-nguéra | la | pláta | je-heká-gui, |
Conj | Dem-Loc | 3Pl-let.go-Compl | after.all | 3.Poss-friend-Pl | Def.Det | money | Pass-search-Prep |
And there his friends stopped looking for the treasure,
Y allí dejaron únicamente sus amigos de buscar el tesoro,
ha | o-hupi | hikuái | Aguí-pe | o-gueraha | chupe Overt Direct Object (DO) Pronoun | la | mama | róga-pe. |
Conj | 3Pl-pick.up | 3Pl.Pron.Subj | Agustin-DOM | 3Pl-take | 3.Pron.DO | Def.Det | mother | house-Loc |
and they picked Agustin up and they took him to his mother’s house. [narrator’s mother’s house]
y le alzaron ellos a Agustín lo llevaron la casa de mama.
Ha | nimbo | ha’e | nd-o-ké-i | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | hínaContinuative | ra'e.Matrix, narrator oriented |
Conj | Part | 3.Pron | Neg-3Sg-sleep-Neg | FOC | Cont | Evid |
And it turns out that he wasn’t sleeping.
Había sido que no estaba durmiendo luego.
O-hendu | la | o-ñe’ẽ-joá | -vaRelativizer 'va' | portón-pe: |
3Sg-hear | Def.Det | 3Pl-speak-on.top | -Rel | gate-Loc |
She heard those that were speaking (all at the same time) by the gate:
Escuchó a los que estaban hablando cerca del portón:
——Pe-avrí-ke | i-ja | haguãIrrealis Subordinator 'ha' | ——o-hendu | he’í-rõ | peteĩ. |
——Imp.2Pl-open-Imp | 3.Poss-enter | Sub.Irr | ——3Sg-hear | 3Sg.say-Cond | one |
"Open up so we can go in," she heard when one (of them) say.
"Abran para entrar," escuchó que dijo uno [de ellos].
——Pe-ñe-prende-porã-ke, | háke | che | -taProspective Aspect | chu-gui! | ——he’i | otro. |
——Imp.2Pl-Refl-catch-well-Imp | watch.out | 1Sg.Pron | 1Sg-let.go-Prosp | 3.Pron-Prep | ——3Sg.say | another |
"Catch him well, watch out, I am about to let him go," said another.
"Agárrenle bien, chake (cuidado) yo estoy por soltarle," dijo otro.
Ha | mama | oi-mo’ã | la | pláta | tuicha-itereí | -vaRelativizer 'va' | ryru | ra'eEmbedded, matrix, subject oriented |
Conj | mother | 3Sg-believe | Def.Det | money | big-too.much | -Rel | container | Evid |
And mother believed that it was the very big container
Y mamá creyó que era el recipiente muy grande
la | o-guerahá | -vaRelativizer 'va' | hínaContinuative | hikuái. |
Def.Det | 3Pl-take | -Rel | Cont | 3Pl.Pron.Subj |
that was the thing they were carrying.
que contenía el tesoro lo que estaban llevando ellos.
Ha | o-gueru | la | o-guerú | -vaRelativizer 'va' | o-moinge | ∅Covert Direct Object Pronoun | hikuái |
Conj | 3Pl-bring | Def.Det | 3Pl-bring | -Rel | 3Pl-put.in | 3.Pron.DO | 3Pl.Pron.Subj |
And they brought what they had, they put (it) in
Y traían lo que tenían, (lo) metieron
ha | o-mboguejy | ∅Covert Direct Object Pronoun | peteĩ | vánko | puku | ári. |
Conj | 3Pl-put.down | 3.Pron.DO | one | bench | long | on |
and lowered (it) onto a long bench.
y (lo) bajaron sobre un banco largo.
——Visshh! | ——he’i, | i-kane’õ | hikuái. |
——Shh! | ——3Pl.say | 3Pl-tire | 3Pl.Pron.Subj |
"Shh!" they said, tired.
"Visshh!" dijeron cansados ellos.
——Pe-rú-iko | ∅!Covert Direct Object Pronoun | ——he’i | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | chupe-kuéra | mama. |
——2Pl-bring-Imp | 3.Pron.DO | ——3Sg.say | Report.Evid | 3.Pron.IO-Pl | mother |
"You brought (it)," it is said that mother said.
"(Lo) trajeron!" les dijo mamá, dicen que.
Ha | lo | mitakaria’y | oi-mo’ã | oi-kuaá | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | mama | ra'eEmbedded, matrix subject oriented |
Conj | Def.Det | guys | 3Pl-believe | 3Sg-know | -Asp | mother | Evid |
And the guys suspected that mother already knew
Y los muchachos creyeron que mamá ya sabía
la | o-jehu | va'ekueRelativizer/Distal | Aguí-pe. |
Def.Det | 3Sg-happen | Rel.Distal | Agustin-DOM |
what had happened to Agustin.
lo que le pasó a Agustín.
——Ro-gueru | ∅,Covert Direct Object Pronoun | apéna | ite | ore-pu’aka | hese! | ——he’i | chupe | hikuái. |
——1Pl.Excl-bring | 3.Pron.DO | as.soon | Superl | 1Pl.Excl.Poss-strength | 3.Pron.Obl | ——3Pl.say | 3.Pron.IO | 3Pl.Pron.Subj |
"We brought (him), as soon as we had strength for him," they said (to her).
"¡(Lo) trajimos, apenas tuvimos fuerza por él!" les dijeron ellos.
——Imposívle! | ——he’i | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | mama | ——hasy-peve | piko | pe-sẽ | chupe. |
——Impossible | ——3Sg.say | Report.Evid | mother | ——difficult-after | Expr | 2Pl-go.out | 3.Pron.IO |
"Impossible!" it is said that mother said, "finally you got it out."
"¡Imposible!" dice que les dijo mamá, "al fin lo encontraron."
Ha | o-pu’ã | o-myendy | la | lámpara, |
Conj | 3Sg-got.up | 3Sg-light | Def.Det | lamp |
And she got up to light the lamp,
Y se levanto a encender la lampara,
ha | o-sẽ-vo | la | okẽ-me | o-topa | Agui |
Conj | 3Sg-go.out-Conj.Simult | Def.Det | door-Loc | 3Sg-found | Agui |
and as she went to the door she found Agustin
y al salir a la puerta le encontró a Agustín
morotĩ | sakã | la | hova | hínaEmphasis on NP 'la hova'. Event is not continuative. | la | vánko | ári-pe. |
white | transparent | Def.Det | face | Emph | Def.Det | bench | on-Loc |
with a pale face on the bench.
con la cara pálida (blanca) sobre el banco.