USC Guarani Corpus

Funded by NSF BCS-1917619

Additional Resources Publications

Focalizer Particle 'voi'


Mombe'u Stories


Story #1

(1)
O-hechá-vo la mbói la karia’y-pe, o-sapukái voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle [i]chupe:
3Sg-see-Conj.Simult Def.Det snake Def.Det lad-DOM 3Sg-scream Emph 3Sg.Pron.IO

When the snake saw the young man, he screamed at him:

Al ver la víbora al muchacho, le gritó:


(2)
Ha o-sẽ-re[he] upé-gui voi, 'Voi' Focalizer Particle
Conj 3Sg-out-at-cause there-Prep Emph

And having got out of that place,

Y por haber salido de ahí,


(3)
Kavaju nda-hesa pirĩri voi: 'Voi' Focalizer Particle
Horse Neg-sight thin Focus

The horse without blinking [said]:

El caballo sin pestañear [luego]:


(4)
ni n-o-hendu-pá-i voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle la h-e’íva chupe umi mokõi:
not-even Neg-3Sg-hear-Compl-Neg Emph Def.Det 3Pl-say-Rel 3Sg.Pron.IO those two

not even hearing all of what those two were saying:

ni escuchó todo luego lo que le decían esos dos:


(5)
ho’u terere ore ratĩ-ngué-pe ——he’i voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle la guéi.
3Pl-drink terere 1Pl.Excl.Poss horn-former-Loc 3Sg-say Emph Def.Det ox

"they drink ‘terere’ from our horn."

"toman terere con nuestro cuerno."


(6)
añeté-pa la pe mombe’ú-va chéve? ——he’i voi. 'Voi' Focalizer Particle
truly-Compl Def.Det Dem 2Pl-tell-Rel 1Sg.Pron.IO ——3Sg-say Emph

"if it is the truth that which they tell me?" said he.

"[si es] la verdad eso que me cuentan?" le dijo [luego].


(7)
——Ja-ha ja-hecha ——he’i voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle la karia’y, ha o-jo-gueraha hikuái.
——1Pl.Incl-go 1Pl.Incl-see ——3Sg-say Emph Def.Det lad Conj 3Sg-Rec-take 3Pl.Pron.Subj

"Let’s go see," he told the lad, and they went together all of them.

"Vamos a ver," le dijo [énfasis] el muchacho, y se acompañaron [se fueron juntos] todos ellos.


Story #2

(1)
térã-piko re-mbopo’i che-hegui? ——he’i voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle chupe jatevu.
or-Q 2Sg-be.afraid 1Sg-of ——3Sg.say Emph 3Sg.Pron.IO tick

or are you afraid of me?" the tick said to him.

o me tienes miedo?" le dijo la garrapata.


Story #3

(1)
——Ha ndé-[p]iko, na-che-defende-mo’ã-i voi? 'Voi' Focalizer Particle
——Conj 2Sg-Pron.Subj-Q Neg-1Sg.Pron.DO-defend-Neg.Irr -FOC

"And you will not defend me?"

"¿Y vos, no vas a defenderme luego?"


Story #4


(1)
O-sẽ voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle o-huguaitĩ-vo chupe. Overt Direct Object (DO) Pronoun
3Sg-go.out Emph 3Sg-meet-Asp.Goal 3.Pron.DO

She came out to meet him.

Salió luego a su encuentro [a encontrarle].


Story #5

(1)
O-je-volea mombyry-mí-nte voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle chugui la ka’i kuéra,
3Pl-Refl-round afar-Dim-FOC FOC 3Sg.Pron.Obl Def.Det monkey Pl

The monkeys turned around and around him from afar,

Se dieron vuelta y vuelta los monos desde lejos alrededor de él,


Story #6


(1)
O-je-puka-pa voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle kuriRetrospective Aspect 'kuri' ha’e o-guahẽ-vo.
3Pl-Refl-laugh-Compl Emph Retrosp.Asp 3.Pron 3Sg-arrive-Conj.Simult

They all laughed when she arrived.

Se rieron cuando ella llegó.


(2)
ha ijypyrã n-o-pená-i voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle hese ha’e.
Conj beginning Neg-3Sg-pay.attention-Neg Emph 3Pl.Pron.Obl 3.Pron

and at the beginning he did not pay attention.

y al comienzo no hizo caso de eso.


(3)
Ha upéi-ngo o-u voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle hendá-pe karumbe:
Conj then-FOC 3Sg-come Emph 3.Poss.place-Loc turtle

And then he came to the turtle [to the place where the turtle was]

Y después vino expresamente junto a la avestruz la tortuga:


(4)
Ha karumbé-ngo nd-o-je-kuaá-i voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle la kapi’í-pe kuápe.
Conj turtle-FOC Neg-3Sg-Refl-know-Neg Emph Def.Det grass-Loc inside

And the turtle could not be seen in the long grass.

Y a la tortuga no se le distinguía ( se le veía ) luego entre el pasto largo.


Story #7

(1)
o-hó -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle o-hecha la hóga renda-guã.
3Sg-go -Asp FOC 3Sg-see Def.Det 3.Poss.house place-Irr

he went to see the location of his future house.

ya se fue a ver el lugar de su futura casa.


(2)
Ha o-mo-potĩ-mbá -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' -ne voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle katu pya’e pya’e.
Conj 3Sg-TR-clean-Compl -Asp -Mod FOC Mod fast fast

And he would probably already clean all very fast.

Y ha de limpiar ya todo rápidamente.


(3)
Ñande jára-nte voi, 'Voi' Focalizer Particle che suerte-téiko! ––he’i.
3Pl.Incl.Poss lord-only FOC 1Sg.Poss luck-have ––3Sg.say

Only our lord, how lucky I am!" he said.

Nuestro señor nomás luego, que suerte tengo!" dijo.


(4)
o-vy’a-iterei voi, 'Voi' Focalizer Particle i-guý-pe,
3Sg-happy-Superl FOC 3.Poss-under-Loc

he was so happy under its roof,

estuvo muy feliz debajo del techo,


(5)
Oi-ké-re voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle o-hechá -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' jaguareté-pe
3Sg-enter-at FOC 3Sg-see -Asp tiger-DOM

When entering already, he saw the tiger

Al entrar vio ya al tigre


Story #10

(1)
Ha la Réi he’i mboyve mba’eve voiFocalizer Particle 'voi'
Conj Def.Det King 3Sg.say before anything FOC

And before the King said anything,

Y antes que el Rey diga nada,


(2)
nimbo oi-pota itereí -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' hínaEmphasis on Superlative ra'eMatrix, declarative, narrator-oriented (ha’é-ngo i-taryrýi eterei voi).Focalizer Particle 'voi'
Part 3Sg-want Superl -Asp Cont Evid 3.Pron-FOC 3Sg-greedy Superl FOC

it seems that he wanted it so much (he is of course very greedy).

había sido que demasiado ya quería (él luego es demasiado codicioso luego).


(3)
Upéi ndaje he’í -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' chupe n-o-vende-sé-i chéne-pa.
Then Report.Evid 3Sg.say -Asp FOC 3Sg.Pron.IO Neg-3Sg-sell-Des-Neg Mod-Q

Then it is said that he already said to him whether he would sell [it] to him.

Después se dice ya le dijo que si no le querría vender.


(4)
——N-a-vende vaerã-i ——he’i -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' chupe Peru,
——Neg-1Sg-sell Mod-Neg ——3Sg.say -Asp FOC 3.Pron.IO Peru

"I will (probably) not sell," Peru already says to him,

"No he de vender," le dice ya Peru,


(5)
Upéi ndaje ha’e oi-kuaa voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' mba’e diá-pe
Then Report.Evid 3.Pron 3Sg-know FOC thing day-Loc

Then, it is said that he knew which day

Después, dice que, él sabía luego que día


(6)
Upéi ndaje la Señor Réi o-u o-guahẽ ha o-porandu voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' Perú-re.
Then Report.Evid Def.Det Mr. King 3Sg-come 3Sg-arrive Conj 3Sg-ask FOC Peru-Obl

Then, it is said, the King came arriving and asked for Peru.

Después dicen que el Señor Rey vino llegando y preguntó. por Peru.


(7)
pe o-gueraha va’ekueRelativizer/Distal ha’e voi.Focalizer Particle 'voi'
Dem 3Sg-take Rel.Distal 3Sg.Cop FOC

the one he had taken [earlier].

el que había llevado luego él.


(8)
Ha’e hesarái voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' ma’erã-pa o-u ra'eEmbedded wh-complement. Matrix subject oriented la Peru rendá-pe.
3.Pron 3Sg-forget FOC what.for-Q 3Sg-come Evid Def.Det Peru place-Loc

He had forgotten for what reason he came to see Peru.

El se olvidó luego para que vino junto a Peru.


(9)
La hesa la apere’á-rente voi.Focalizer Particle 'voi'
Def.Det look Def.Det rabbit-only FOC

His sight was only for the rabbit.

Su mirada estaba por el conejo nomás luego.


(10)
Oi-potá-iterei jeý -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' ndaje Señor Réi ha o-trateá -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' Perú-gui.
3Sg-want-Superl again -Asp Report.Evid Mr. King Conj 3Sg-deal -Asp FOC Peru-Prep

The King wanted it badly again, it is said, and he already made a deal with Peru.

Demasiado quería otra vez el señor Rei, se dice que, e hizo el trato otra vez con Peru.


Story #11

(1)
O-guahẽ Palásio-pe ha oi-ke voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' o-ñomongeta Réi ndive.
3Sg-arrive Palace-Loc Conj 3Sg-enter FOC 3Sg-converse King with

He arrived at the palace and entered to talk with the King.

Llegó al Palacio y entró luego a conversar con el Rey.


(2)
Réi voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' o-ho Peru ndive la o-mba’apó-vo hikuái ñú-me,
King FOC 3Sg-go Peru with Def.Det 3Sg-work-Asp.Goal 3Pl.Pron.Subj field-Loc

The King went with Peru to work in the fields,

El Rey luego se fué con Peru para trabajar ellos en el campo,

Story #12

(1)
——he’í -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' chupe peteĩ,
——3Sg.say -Asp FOC 3.Pron.IO one.Subj

one (of them) said to him.

le dijo uno de ellos.


(2)
Ha la karia’y o-ñe-moĩ o-perde, o-perde voi.Focalizer Particle 'voi'
Conj Def.Det guy 3Sg-Refl-put 3Sg-lose 3Sg-lose FOC

And the guy started to lose and lose.

Y el muchacho se puso a perder y perder.


(3)
ha’e oi-ko i-patrõ róga-pe-nte voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' ra'e.Matrix Clause, narrator's realization
3.Pron 3Sg-exist 3.Poss-boss house-Loc-only FOC Evid

he actually lives in his boss’s house, it turns out.

él vive en la casa de su patrón luego, había sido.


Story #13

(1)
Heta voíngoFocalizer Particle 'voi' che chekyvy va'ekue.
Many FOC 1Sg.Pron brothers Asp.Distal

I had many brothers.

Yo tenía luego muchos hermanos.


(2)
Ha upé-pe ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' Agui ho’a-ite vera voi,Focalizer Particle 'voi' i-j-atáke.
Conj there-Loc Report.Evid Agustin 3Sg.fall-Superl suddenly FOC 3Sg-Refl-attack

And there it is said that Augustin suddenly fell; he had an attack.

Y allí se dice que Agustín se cayó súbitamente; le dio su ataque.


(3)
Ha nimbo ha’e nd-o-ké-i voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' hínaContinuative ra'e.Matrix, narrator oriented
Conj Part 3.Pron Neg-3Sg-sleep-Neg FOC Cont Evid

And it turns out that he wasn’t sleeping.

Había sido que no estaba durmiendo luego.


Story #14

(1)
ha michĩ ra’y-mi n-o-monde-sé-i voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' mba’evé-icha-gua ao.
Conj small son-Dim Neg-3Sg-put-Des-Neg FOC any-type-place clothes

And since he was a little kid he never wanted to put clothes on.

Y desde chiquito no quería luego ponerse ninguna clase de ropa.


(2)
Ha’e nd-oi-kutú-i voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' chupe ñuatĩ, ku tapiti ra’ý-icha.
3.Pron Neg-3Sg-pinch-Neg FOC 3.Pron.DO thorns Dem rabbit son-similar

No thorn pricked him ever, just like those little rabbits.

A él no le hincaba luego espinas, igual que a un conejito.


Story #15

oi-ko petei karai i-ka’ú-va voi.Focalizer Particle 'voi'
3Sg-exist one man 3Sg-drunk-Rel Emph

it is said there is a man who drank.

se dice que había un hombre que tomaba.


(2)
oĩ-haguáicha la vagon kuéra: o-hyekue’o-pa-ite voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' chupe.
exist-Sub.Irr Def.Det wagon Pl 3Pl-rip-Compl-Superl Emph 3.Pron.DO

the wagons [that were there]: they ripped him apart.

los vagones que habían: le destriparon luego.


(3)
Heta voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' o-ho hikuái o-mba’apó-vo la ovráhe-pe.
lots FOC 3Pl-go 3Pl.Pron.Subj 3Pl-work-Conj.Simult Def.Det lumber.yard-Loc

Lots of them went to work at the lumberyard.

Muchos fueron a trabajar al obraje.


(4)
(upéva o-guerekó-va voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' hekové-pe ra’e).Matrix, speaker oriented
That.one 3Sg-have-Rel FOC life-Loc Evid

(that one that he had when he was alive).

(Ese que tenía en vida).