Funded by NSF BCS-1917619 (2019-2024)
Funded by USC Emeritus Center 2024-2025
Story #1
(1) | ||||||||
Upéi | o-maña | o-hó | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | i-jyké-pe | ha | hesa | [o-]ho | sapy’a |
Then | 3Sg-saw | 3Pl-go | -Conj.Simult | 3.Poss-side-Loc | Conj | 3.Poss.sight | [3Sg-]go | suddenly |
Then he was looking at his side and his sight went [saw] towards
Después fue mirando a su costado y vio [su mirada fue hacia]
(2) | ||||||||
O-hechá | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | la | mbói | la | karia’y-pe, | o-sapukái | voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle | [i]chupe: |
3Sg-see | -Conj.Simult | Def.Det | snake | Def.Det | lad-DOM | 3Sg-scream | Emph | 3Sg.Pron.IO |
When the snake saw the young man, he screamed at him:
Al ver la víbora al muchacho, le gritó:
(3) | |||||||
Oi-ke | jey | mbói | ogueví | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | la | o-ĩ- | hagué-pe,Locational Relative Pronoun 'ha' |
3Sg-go.in | again | snake | 3Sg-backwards | -Conj.Simult | Def.Det | 3Sg-be.Loc | Sub.TermAsp-Loc |
The snake went in backwards into the place where he had been,
Entró otra vez la víbora reculando en el lugar donde estuvo,
Story #2
(1) | ||||||
Katu | o-guahẽ | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | ára | o-ñani | haguãIrrealis Subordinator 'ha' | hikuái, |
Conj | 3Sg-arrive | -Conj.Simult | day | 3Pl-run | Sub.Irr | 3Pl.Pron.Subj |
However, when the day comes for them to run [race day],
Sin embargo, al llegar el día para que ellos corran [el día de la carrera],
(2) | ||||
O-jepytasó | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | hikuái, | o-sẽ | haguãicha,Irrealis Subordinator 'ha' |
3Pl-firmly.in.place | -Conj.Simult | 3Pl.Pron.Subj | 3Pl-go.out | in.that.way |
In this way, firmly in place, when they left [their starting position],
De esa manera, bien plantados, al salir ellos [de su punto de partida],
(3) | |||||||
Ha | o-guapý | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | yvyra | py-kue | ári, | o-hendu | peteĩ |
Conj | 3Sg-sit | -Conj.Simult | tree | foot-former | on | 3Sg-hear | one |
And as he sat on the tree trunk, he heard a
Y al sentarse sobre el tronco del árbol, escuchó un
Ha | ——karréra | karai hue | ——he’í | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | ichupe | kuéra | ka'i, |
Conj | ——the.race | Mr. Judge | ——3Sg.say | -Conj.Simult | 3Sg.Pron.IO | Pl | monkey |
And "the race, Mr. Judge," at the moment that the monkey said to them,
Y "la carrera el señor juez", al decirles el mono,
Story #4
(1) | |||
O-guahẽ | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | i-sánto | ára, |
3Sg-arrive | -Conj.Simult | 3.Poss–saint | day |
When his saint day arrived,
Al llegar el día de su santo,
(2) | |||||
O-guahẽ | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | óga | atukupe | guio |
3Sg-arrive | -Conj.Simult | -Asp | house | behind | towards |
When he arrived behind the house,
Al llegar ya hacia detrás de la casa,
(3) | ||||||||
O-momaiteí | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | chupe | kuéra | kavara, | o-sẽ | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | puka-vyreípe | kavaju: |
3Sg-greet | -Conj.Simult | 3Pl.Pron-IO | Pl | goat | 3Sg-go.out | -Asp | smiling-for.no.reason | horse |
When the goat greeted them, the horse came out already smiling for no apparent reason:
Al saludarles la cabra, ya salió el caballo sonriente por ninguna razón aparente:
(4) | |||||||||
——Che | ména | niko | o-je-juka | ko | áño | pyahu | oi-ké | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | kuri,Retrospective Aspect 'kuri' |
——1Sg.Poss | husband | FOC | 3Sg-Refl-kill | Dem | year | new | 3Sg-go | -Conj.Simult | Retrosp.Asp |
"My husband was killed when the new year began,
"A mi marido se le mató al comienzo de este nuevo año,
(5) | |||||
Upéi-gui | o-sẽ | -vo,Simultaneous Conjunction | o-ñe-mbyasý | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | kavara, |
Dem-Prep | 3Sg-go.out | -Conj.Simult | 3Sg-Refl-be.sad | -Asp | goat |
When leaving, the goal already felt sad,
Al salir de ahí, ya se sintió triste la cabra,
(6) | ||||||||||
Asaje | pyté | -vo,Simultaneous Conjunction | o-guahẽ | o-hó | -voAspect/Goal | hapicha | kavara | la | vy’a- | há-pe.Locational Relative Pronoun 'ha' |
Noon | around | -Conj.Simult | 3Sg-arrive | 3Sg-go | -Asp.Goal | his.kind | goat | Def.Det | happy- | Rel-Loc |
Around noon, his friend the goat came arriving at the party.
Hacía el mediodía, fue llegando su semejante la cabra a la fiesta.
(7) | ||||||
——Ma’ẽ-mí-na, | ne-rendyva-pa, | ne-ratĩ | ha | ne-katĩ | re-jú | -vo,Simultaneous Conjunction |
——Look-Dim-Rog | 2Sg.Poss-beard-Compl | 2Sg.Poss-horn | Conj | 2Sg.Poss-bad.odor | 2Sg-come | -Conj.Simult |
"Look at this, you have a beard, you have horns, and you come with your bad odor,
"Mira un poco, tenés barba, tenés cuerno y venís con tu cantiga,
Story #5
(1) | ||||||
Ka’aguy | pa’u-me, | ja-hypytý | -vo,Simultaneous Conjunction | tuichá | -vaRelativizer 'va' | yvy-pe, |
Forest | middle-Loc | 1Pl.Incl-reach | -Conj.Simult | big- | Rel | ground-Loc |
In the middle of the forest, when reaching a large ground area,
Dentro del bosque, al alcanzar nosotros un suelo grande,
(2) | |||||||||
Upéi | peteĩ | ára-pe, | o-guejy-jeý | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | jaguarete, | o-juhu | i-tyai | pe | y |
Then | one | day-Loc | 3Sg.come-down-again | -Conj.Simult | tiger | 3Sg-find | turbulent | Dem | water |
And then one day, when the tiger came down again, he found that water turbulent,
Y después un día, al bajarse otra vez el jaguareté, encontró turbia esa agua,
(3) | ||||||
——O-ñe-mo’aguĩ | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | che-hegui, | a-pó | -taProspective Aspect | hi’ári | kuéra |
——3-Refl-come.close | -Conj.Simult | 1Sg-Pron.Obl | 1Sg-jump | -Prosp | 3Pl.Pron.on | Pl |
"As they get close to me, I will jump on them,"
"Al acercarse a mí, voy a saltar encima de ellos,"
(4) | |||||||
Upéi | o-guahẽ | ka’i | pandilla, | o-mbiriki | joa | o-ú | -vo,Simultaneous Conjunction |
Then | 3Sg-bring | monkey | gang | 3Sg-screech | together | 3Sg-come | -Conj.Simult |
Then the gang of monkeys arrived, screeching together, [lit. came screeching]
Luego llegó la pandilla de monos, chillaron juntos al venir,
(5) | |||||||||
ha | o-hechá | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | o-jepyso | jaguarete | hínaAssertive/Emphasis on jaguarete | upé-pe, | he’i | peteĩ | -va:Relativizer 'va' |
Conj | 3Sg-saw | -Conj.Simult | 3Sg-extended | tiger | Cont | Dem-Loc | 3Sg.say | one | -Rel |
and when he saw the tiger extended there, one said:
y al ver extendido al jaguareté ahí, dijo uno:
(6) | ||||||||
O-ñandú | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | upéa | "el finado," | o-joko-ite | i-pytu, | ha | he’i | iypy’á-pe: |
3Sg-feel | -Conj.Simult | Dem | the dead.one | 3Sg-stop-Superl | 3.Poss-breath | Conj | 3Sg.say | self-IO |
When the "dead one" felt that, he held his breath, and said to himself:
Al sentir eso el muerto, atajó su respiración, y dijo para sí:
(7) | ||||||
Upé | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | o-ja | avei | i-jypýpe | peteĩ | ka’i |
Dem | -Conj.Simult | 3Sg-get.close | also | 3.Poss-ability.side | one | monkey |
At that moment, a monkey approached him on his side
En ese momento se le acercó a su lado un mono
(8) | ||||||||
O-hendú | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | upéa, | o-ña’ã | jaguarete | ha | puuu! | Puuu! | O-pyno. |
3Sg-listen | -Conj.Simult | Dem | 3Sg-make.effort | tiger | Conj | puuu | Puuu | 3Sg-release.gas |
When he heard that, the tiger made an effort and puuu! Puuu! He released gas.
Al escuchar eso, hizo el esfuerzo el jaguareté y puuu! Puuu! Ventoseó.
(9) | |||||||
tovy’a-mi | guasu | kuéra | o-hechá | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | o-mano- | haSubordinator 'ha' | jaguarete. |
be.happy-Dim | deer | Pl | 3Pl-see | -Conj.Simult | 3Sg-die- | Sub | tiger |
the deer will be happy when they see that the tiger is dead.
que se alegren los venados al ver que se murió el jaguareté.
Story #6
(1) | |||||
O-je-puka-pa | voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle | kuriRetrospective Aspect 'kuri' | ha’e | o-guahẽ | -vo.Simultaneous Conjunction |
3Pl-Refl-laugh-Compl | Emph | Retrosp.Asp | 3.Pron | 3Sg-arrive | -Conj.Simult |
They all laughed when she arrived.
Se rieron cuando ella llegó.
(2) | ||||
O-dipara | hatã | o-ho | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | ñandu, |
3Sg-run | strong | 3Sg-go | -Conj.Simult | ostrich |
The ostrich went running fast
Iba corriendo velozmente el avestruz,
(3) | ||||||
ha | o-ho | o-guahẽ | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | la | kancha | akã-me |
Conj | 3Sg-go | 3Sg-arrive | -Conj.Simult | Def.Det | field | head-Loc |
and when it arrived at the head of the field,
y al ir llegando en la cabeza de la cancha
Story #8
(1)(2) | ||||||||||
Ha | upé | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | o-ñemo’aguĩ | sapy’a | o-hó | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | chu-gui | kuéra | peteĩ | aguara. |
Conj | Dem | -Conj.Simult | 3Sg-get.close | suddenly | 3Sg-go | -Conj.Simult | 3.Pron-Prep | Pl | one | fox |
And at that moment, suddenly, a fox was getting close to them.
Y en ese momento, de repente, se iba acercándose a ellos un zorro.
(8) | ||||||||||
——Re-jupí | -taProspective Aspect | nde | revi-kue | yvaté | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | ha | ne | akãngue | yvy | gotyo. |
——2Sg-go.up | -Prosp | 2Sg.Poss | butt-former | above | -Conj.Simult | Conj | 2Sg.Poss | head | ground | towards |
"You will go up with your butt up and your head down (towards the ground)."
"Vas a subirte con la cola hacia arriba y tu cabeza hacia abajo."
(4) | ||||||
Ha | aguara | o-ñe-moĩ | o-tantea: | o-ñe-moĩ | ovakã | -vo.Simultaneous Conjunction |
Conj | fox | 3Sg-Refl-put | 3Sg-try | 3Sg-Refl-put | head | -Conj.Simult |
And the fox tried it out: he put himself upside down (head down).
Y el zorro se puso a probar: se puso de cabeza [para abajo].
(5) | ||||||||
Pe | mbyte | o-hasa | jave | o-ho | -vo,Simultaneous Conjunction | o-hupyty | rupi | sapy’a |
Dem | middle | 3Sg-pass | instant | 3Sg-go | -Conj.Simult | 3Sg-reach | around | suddenly |
At the moment when he was half way up, he was about to reach
En el momento que iba por la mitad, estaba por alcanzar
(6) | |||||||
Re-hechá-ko | mitã | aguara | upe-gui-ete | o-ú-rõ | o-tĩ | -vo,Simultaneous Conjunction | yvý-pe. |
2Pl-see-FOC | guy | fox | Dem-Prep-Superl | 3Sg-come-Cond | 3.Poss-nose | -Conj.Simult | ground-Loc |
And you see, the guy fox came down on his nose to the ground.
Y ya ves como se vino el zorro de nariz al suelo.
Story #9
(1) | ||||||||
Ha | jaguarete | o-ñe-tĩ | rupi | jepi | ha | o-ñe-mbope | o-ú | -vo,Simultaneous Conjunction |
Conj | tiger | 3Sg-Refl-nose | around | occasionally | Conj | 3Sg-Refl-drag | 3Sg-come | -Conj.Simult |
And the tiger sniffed around occasionally, dragging himself,
Y el tigre husmeaba en tanto en tanto y arrastrándose vino,
(2) | |||||
Mbegue-katú-pe | o-ñe-mo’aguĩ | o-hó | -vo,Simultaneous Conjunction | ichu-gui | kuéra. |
Slow-Mod-Loc | 3Sg-Refl-approach | 3Sg-go | -Conj.Simult | 3.Pron-Prep | Pl |
Slowly, he was getting close to them.
Lentamente iba acercándose a ellos.
(3) | |||||||
Ha | o-hendú | -vo,Simultaneous Conjunction | upéa, | o-mongyhyje | jaguareté-pe | ha | o-jevy. |
Conj | 3Sg-hear | -Conj.Simult | Dem | 3Sg-frighten | tiger-DOM | Conj | 3Sg-go.back |
And when he heard that, the tiger got frightened and went back.
Y cuando escuchó eso, le dio miedo al tigre y se volvió.
Story #10
(1) | ||||||
Upé | -vo,Simultaneous Conjunction | la | vúrro | o-mboguy | la | huguái |
Dem | -Conj.Simult | Def.Det | donkey | 3Sg-raise | Def.Det | tail |
At that moment the donkey raises the tail
En ese momento el burro levanta la cola
(2) | |||||||||
O-guaraha | Réi | la | hymba | vurro-[r]ã, | o-vy’a | syry | o-hó | -vo,Simultaneous Conjunction | heseve. |
3Sg-take | King | Def.Det | animal | donkey-Irrealis | 3Sg-happy | fluid | 3Sg-go | -Conj.Simult | 3.Pron.Obl |
The King took his future donkey, very happy he was going with it.
Llevó el Rey para su animal burro, muy contento se iba con él.
(3) | |||||||||
Upéi | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | Peru | o-guahẽ | o-ú | -vo,Simultaneous Conjunction | la | óga | kupe | guio, |
Then | Report.Evid | Peru | 3Sg-arrive | 3Sg-come | -Conj.Simult | Def.Det | house | behind | towards |
Then, it is said, Peru was arriving towards the back of the house,
Y después se dice que Peru venía llegando de hacia detrás de la casa,
(4) | ||||||
Ha | upéi | ae | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | o-guahẽ | o-ú | -vo.Simultaneous Conjunction |
Conj | then | just | Report.Evid | 3Sg-arrive | 3Sg-come | -Conj.Simult |
And just then it is said he was arriving.
Y después recién se dice vino llegando.
Story #11
(1) | ||||||||
Ha | o-hó | -taProspective Aspect | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | Peru, | la | mbói | he’i | chupe, |
Conj | 3Sg-go | -Prosp | -Conj.Simult | Peru | Def.Det | snake | 3Sg.say | 3.Pron.IO |
And when Peru was going to leave, the snake said to him,
Cuando Peru se iba a ir, la víbora le dijo,
(2) | ||||||||
o-guenohẽ | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | ∅,Covert Direct Object Pronoun | o-sẽ | peteĩ | kuãirũ | la | i-kuã-re. |
3Sg-take.out | -Conj.Simult | Report.Evid | 3.Pron.DO | 3Sg-come.out | one | ring | Def.Det | 3.Poss-finger-Obl |
when removing it, it is said that a ring came out on his finger.
al sacarlo, dice que salió un anillo por su dedo.
Story #12
(1) | ||||||
Upéi | che | a-sẽ | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | karai | Vito | róga-gui |
Then | 1Sg.Pron | 1Sg-go.out | -Conj.Simult | Mr. | Vito | house-Prep |
Then when I left Mr. Victor's house
Después al salir yo de la casa del Señor Victor
(2) | |||||
——Ro-sẽ | mbuku-mí | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | upé-gui | ——he’i | chéve: |
——1Pl-go.out | stretch-Dim | -Conj.Simult | Dem-Prep | ——3Sg.say | 1Sg.Pron.IO |
"When we had gone a stretch from there," he said to me.
"Cuando salimos de ahí un trecho," me dijo.
(3) | |||||||
Heta-ve, | heta-ve | o-hó | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | la | káva | o-ñe’ẽ-joá-va | upéicha. |
Lots-more | lots-more | 3Pl-go | -Conj.Simult | Def.Det | wasp | 3Pl-Refl-together-Hab | that.way |
Each time lots more and more were buzzing all together in that way.
Cada vez más y más avispas que iban zumbando juntas así.
(4) | ||||||||
ha | pe | o-sẽ | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | ndaje,Reportative Evidential 'ndaje' | o-mombo | la | kambuchi | oká-pe, |
Conj | Dem | 3Sg-go.out | -Conj.Simult | Report.Evid | 3Sg-throw.out | Def.Det | container | out-Loc |
and it is said that when he came out, he threw out the container.
y al salir, dice que, tiró el cántaro afuera.
(5) | ||||||
ha | upe | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | o-ú-mi | hese | peteĩ | ára |
Conj | Dem | -Conj.Simult | 3Sg-come-Dim | 3.Pron.Obl | one | day |
And at that point one day came
Y en ese punto un día le vino
(6) | ||||||||
o-hasa | o-hó | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | upé-rupi | peteĩ | varáha | huga | -haNominalizer 'ha' | tuja. |
3Sg-pass | 3Sg-go | -Conj.Simult | Dem-around | one | cards | play | -Nom | old |
an old card player was passing through around there.
iba pasando por ahí un viejo jugador de naipes.
(7) | ||||||||||
O-guahẽ | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | la | óga-pe, | ha | o-mombó | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | ∅Covert Direct Object Pronoun | la | kosina | ekína-pe, |
3Sg-arrive | Report.Evid | Def.Det | house-Loc | Conj | 3Sg-throw | -Conj.Simult | 3.Pron.DO | Def.Det | kitchen | corner-Loc |
He arrived, it is said, at the house, and he threw [it = the bone] in a corner of the kitchen;
Llegó, se dice que, a la casa, y al tirar[lo = el hueso] en una esquina de la cocina;
Story #13
(1) | |||||||||||
Ha | Agui | o-hendu | la | kavaju | py-ambu | ha | la | o-ñe’ẽ | -vaRelativizer 'va' | o-ú | -vo.Simultaneous Conjunction |
Conj | Agustin | 3Sg-hear | Def.Det | horse | foot-noise | Conj | Def.Det | 3Pl-say | -Rel | 3Pl-come | -Conj.Simult |
And Agustin heard the horse’s hoof and some that were talking as they came.
Y Agustín escuchó el ruido de los pasos de los caballos y de algunos que venían hablando.
(2) | ||||||||||
la | Mariskal | Lópe | ehérsito | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | la | o-ñe-mbojá | -vaRelativizer 'va' | hese | o-hó | -vo.Simultaneous Conjunction |
Def.Det | Mariscal | Lopez | troop | -Asp | Def.Det | 3Pl-Refl-get.close | -Rel | 3.Pron.Obl | 3Pl-go | -Conj.Simult |
the troops of Mariscal Lopez were getting close to them.
era el ejército del Mariscal López era lo que ya se le acercaba.
(3) | ||||||
ha | o-sẽ | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | la | okẽ-me | o-topa | Agui |
Conj | 3Sg-go.out | -Conj.Simult | Def.Det | door-Loc | 3Sg-found | Agui |
and as she went to the door she found Agustin
y al salir a la puerta le encontró a Agustín
Story #14
(1) | |||||||
Ha | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | o-sẽ | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | la | tolderiá-gui | la | karai, |
Conj | Report.Evid | 3Sg-go.out | -Conj.Simult | Def.Det | tent-Prep | Def.Det | man |
And it is said that when the man came out of the tent,
Y se dice que al salir del campamento el señor,
(2) | |||||||
ha | o-sẽ | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | pe | portón-pe | ha’e, | no-ñe-ñandu-vé-i | jey. |
Conj | 3Sg-go.out | -Conj.Simult | Dem | gate-Loc | 3.Pron | Neg-Refl-feel-more-Neg | again |
and when he went out to the gate, again he did not feel anything.
y al salir al portón él, ya no se sintió más otra vez.
Story #15
(1) | |||||
o-jupí | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | la | vagon | rehe | ndaje,Reportative Evidential 'ndaje' |
3Sg-get.on | -Conj.Simult | Def.Det | wagon | Prep.Obl | Report.Evid |
As he got on the wagon, it is said,
al subirse al vagón, se dice que,
(2) | |||||||
Heta | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | o-ho | hikuái | o-mba’apó | -voSimultaneous Conjunction | la | ovráhe-pe. |
lots | FOC | 3Pl-go | 3Pl.Pron.Subj | 3Pl-work | -Conj.Simult | Def.Det | lumber.yard-Loc |
Lots of them went to work at the lumberyard.
Muchos fueron a trabajar al obraje.
(3) | |||||||||
O-hecha | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | la | finádo-pe | o-guahẽ | o-hó | -vo,Simultaneous Conjunction | henda | moroti | ári |
3Sg-see | Report.Evid | Def.Det | dead.one-DOM | 3Sg-arrive | 3Sg-go | -Conj.Simult | mount | white | on |
He saw, it is said, the dead guy arriving mounted on a white [horse]
Se dice que vio al finado llegar en un montado blanco
(4) | |||||||||
ha | upéi | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | la | o-ndyvú | -vo,Simultaneous Conjunction | péicha | ha | o-maña | jey |
Conj | then | Report.Evid | Def.Det | 3Sg-spit | -Conj.Simult | that.way | Conj | 3Sg-look | again |
And then, it is said, as he spit, he looked again.
Y luego, se dice, al escupir, miró otra vez.
(5) | |||||||||
Ha | o-pu’ã | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | ha’e, | ha | o-hó | -taProspective Aspect | -vo,Simultaneous Conjunction | la | i-kosina-í-me, |
Conj | 3Sg-got.up | Report.Evid | 3.Pron | Conj | 3Pl-go | -Prosp | -Conj.Simult | Def.Det | 3.Poss-kitchen-Dim-Loc |
And it is said that he got up, and as he was going to go to the kitchen,
Y se dice que se levantó, y cuando iba a irse a la cocina,